Curriculum Alignment Essay Example for Free

Educational program Alignment Essay Educational program advancement process are steps and procedures where by instructive substance are structured, learning exercises are determined and assessment strategies are formulated in schools. Pugach, M. C. (1996). These are separated into different subjects that are educated in schools in various classes (grades). In accordance with this; students’ needs in learning are provided food for and ought to be kept with universal measures. The educational plan ought to have the option to advance the learning improvement and survey the students’ exhibitions. We as a whole know that there is no specific powerful encouraging strategy yet the accompanying instructional techniques for an instructor ought to be utilized. The teacher’s introduction abilities, ought to disclose to the understudies what is anticipated from them. In educating, the instructor ought not show diverting habits. The educator should consider instructional levels are. In making an exercise plan for a class the instructor ought to give a review of the exercise, interface the exercise to the past meeting and framework the primary concerns of the exercise this can shape a presentation of the exercise. The body of the exercise ought to be broken into different exercises and the exercise ought to have an end which should express the primary concerns of the exercise and make a connect to the following exercise. For instance an exercise in critical thinking can be instructed in grade 3. The exercise diagram will ask the understudy; to name and clarify issues that happen in the study hall, in the school or in the family, clarify how one settles on a decision and acknowledge obligation and count factors that one considers before settling on a choice. Additionally being developed an educational plan, the instructor needs to consider the advancement level of understudies. Improvement identifies with conduct, which implies; the direct of an understudy and how he/she identifies with others in the groups of friends. In considering formative level, for example, those of kids in Kindergarten the educational plan should address and remember social and enthusiastic exercises for understanding with the child’s formative level. In this manner, in planning the educational program inquiries will be posed in connection on how the youngster relates inside and remotely. There are numerous ways was that a kindergarten kid can be instructed relating advancement. For instance, a Kindergarten class can have an exercise on drawing of pictures or the instructor can request that they articulate themselves utilizing dolls/and manikins. This exercise will show them inventiveness. Being developed of educational program, uncommon consideration must be taken with respect to exceptional requirements of understudies. Understudies with inabilities, for example, those with hindered visual perception need uncommon consideration. Rather than customary strategies where isolating and masterminding understudies dependent on their capacities was utilized, today, new ways have come up. In handling the issue of visual debilitations, as per Armstrong (1994), the instructor will be required to create staggered and have diverse instructional methods of showing such understudies. For instance to show the visual impeded understudies, the educator should configuration diagrams with explicit hues, articles, and shapes to test the impression of the understudy. The instructor ought to likewise test the capacity of the understudy to separate 26 in sequential order by showing the visual weakened aptitudes to recognize visual components of letters. This will have the option to profit the visual impeded. We find that schools are typically organized by grade levels, and educators show utilizing same materials without respect of students’ contrasts regarding their degrees of understanding and working. Cole, R. (1995). Hence, rather than building up an educational program that is thin and don’t address this issue, an educational plan which is comprehensive placing as a primary concern students’ contrasts as far as learning capacities ought to be created. Along these lines, a viable educational program should address these issues; it ought to guarantee an educator plans exercises for a few levels, which test students’ capacity at the each level. For fifth grade that have both practiced and developing perusers, the educational program should address the perusing angle as to different capacities in perusing. While setting up a perusing exercise in a class with different understudies an instructor should give unique consideration on broad encounters of the understudies. The instructor likewise should choose different degrees of trouble in the chose perusing exercise to provide food for the diverse students’ capacity. The exercise ought to give spaces to understudies to peruse a noisy and the educator should likewise peruse to understudies. The guidelines strategies for the instructor ought to likewise clarify vocabularies utilized in the content and some other methods utilized. For instance, to help the understudies comprehend what they have perused the instructor can urge them to have a gathering conversation. Another case of an exercise that can be instructed in fifth grade, the instructor can show utilization of prefixes e. g. , â€Å"Re† as utilized in â€Å"reproduce, survey rename. † The exercise will can likewise remember language capability for general, student’s capacity to separate between which words are action words and which are not, and how to portion and blend language sounds. I n expansion casual exercises will be incorporated. This will include, perusing so anyone might hear in class to permit the instructor to realize botches in disentangling, and have the option to build up the student’s level of familiarity and precision in perusing. The fundamental point of any educational plan advancement is to guarantee that, the understudy can accomplish scholarly greatness Daniels, H (1998). This will empower the instructor to asses the student’s execution in significant zones which are arithmetic, understanding capacities, and composing abilities. However, state administered tests may not mirror a genuine image of the norms it gives a general image of understudy execution. In evaluating students’ capacity in science, which is an investigation of figures and how they relate and different calculations, student’s limit in math, and application must be tried. So the educational plan ought to have the option to asses the learner’s capacity investigating student’s class work, and show the understudy on the most proficient method to total numbers and take away them, and how an understudy can have the option to tell a blunder in summation or deduction. Further more, the understudies can be offered assignments to perform and demonstrated strides to follow in critical thinking. End Curriculum improvement and configuration is significant as what the understudies is educated at school enormously influences him/her in his future vocation advancement. Consequently it must be cautious arranged and should have a comprehensive methodology so as to address the different variations of understudies regarding physical, enthusiastic and mental capacities. An educational program needs to mirror the destinations of instruction and have legitimate appraisals strategies to assess the understudies comprehension and advancement as he/she moves starting with one evaluation then onto the next. References Armstrong, T. (1994): Multiple insights in the study hall. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Cole, R. (Ed. ). (1995): Educating everybody’s kids: Diverse showing procedures for assorted students. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Daniels, H. what's more, Bizar, M. (1998): Methods that issue: Six structures for best practice homerooms. York, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers. Orkwis, R. furthermore, McLane, K. (1998): An educational plan each understudy can utilize: Design standards for understudy get to. Reston, Virginia: Council for Exceptional Children. Pugach, M. C. what's more, Warger, C. L. (Eds. ) (1996): Curriculum patterns, specialized curriculum, and change: Refocusing the discussion. New York: Teachers College Press. Tomlinson, C. (1999): The separated study hall: Responding to the requirements all things considered. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Marketing and Implementation Strategy Samples for Student

Question: Examine about Marketing and usage methodology ? Answer: Introducation: So as to set out any reasonable arrangement, it is critical to note down the exercises to be accomplished and their time limits. Time allotments guarantee that an individual adheres to the plans and that there is zero chance of sitting around idly in different things (Saajanaho et al., 2016). It is in this way the delight of everybody to see that the plans that they set have been effectively accomplished at the ideal time. Right now, my objectives a)re: first to finish my single guys degree, second is to select and finish my Masters qualification and third is to begin my own Fast Food joint business which will be focused on my dedication in the making of openings for work to different adolescents. For this situation, the three inquiries which direct my setting and acknowledgment of my objectives are: what do you mean to accomplish? What are the desires for the general public? Do you have what it requires settling a social test? My drive to accomplish depend on the way that am a sorte d out people who keeps time well, I can deal with focusing on assignments, am precise and am successful in an individual manner. Aside from making benefits, my objective of beginning a business is to give chance to numerous alumni who are stuck jobless in the market. This Fast Food joint business will be a gainful business in light of the fact that the vast majority in UAE have a bustling way of life and thus they require an advantageous spot to take their suppers. In my present place of employment, I have learned consumer loyalty and record keeping aptitudes. Advertising and execution procedure The execution and advertising of these objectives will be based on the huge experience that I have had while at my present work environment (Chang, 2016). Other individual qualities are acceptable client relations, appropriate correspondence, and an engaged person. Having great relational abilities, am certain that I will have the option to continually cooperate with individuals for help in school work while I will have legitimate client relations to propel my business. Dangers and alleviation Note that running and keeping up a business is a difficult action. A portion of the difficulties that I may confront is on enlistment of qualified individuals to work in my Fast Food joint shop (Newton et al., 2015). For this situation, I will base my determination standards for the correct work force for the new business on the long stretches of past understanding. Another test is raising cash-flow to wander into this business. For this situation, I mean to get cash from family and family members on repayable footing. Having begun the business, I will have my better half as the chief to regulate the business tasks while I will be experiencing the business books consistently. Morals While in my present place of employment and once I go into business, genuineness to the customers, associates and my manager will be vital to my prosperity (Hartman et al., 2014). Since I was youthful, I have been straightforward with my folks and myself; same case to my manager. I obtain my inspiration from Sheik Mohammed receptacle Rashid, an eminent business person that Each morning you have two alternatives: rest to finish your fantasies or wake up to accomplish your fantasies. Based on the six-word diary, my journal is: achievement is accomplished through difficult work and trustworthiness. I along these lines wish to buckle down in satisfying my objectives to guarantee that inside the following five years, I will be an alternate individual, at a superior situation than I am today. I am certain that by finishing my first degree and a Masters qualification, combined with going into business, I will have satisfied my heart wants just as change the lives of others in the general public through occupation creation and offering of value administrations. References Chang, J. F. (2016). Business process the executives frameworks: technique and usage. CRC Press. Hartman, L. P., DesJardins, J. R., MacDonald, C., Hartman, L. P. (2014). Business morals: Decision making for individual uprightness and social obligation. New York: McGraw-Hill. Newton, P., Chandler, V., Morris?Thomson, T., Sayer, J., Burke, L. (2015). Investigating determination and enrollment forms for recently qualified medical attendants: a sequential?explanatory mixed?method study. Diary of cutting edge nursing, 71(1), 54-64. Saajanaho, M., Viljanen, A., Read, S., Eronen, J., Kaprio, J., Jylh, M., Rantanen, T. (2016). Portability constraint and changes in close to home objectives among more seasoned ladies. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71(1), 1-10.

Literary Tourism Michigans Upper Peninsula

Literary Tourism Michigans Upper Peninsula Last month in literary tourism you got a taste of Michigans Lower Peninsula, a powerhouse peninsula of bookstores, writers, and events that is growing by the day. But people tend to forget the infamous, immutable mitten is only half of the state. Whereas the Lower Peninsula is fairly inhabited, the Upper Peninsula is a land of untamed beauty filled with national parks and natural spectacles, including The Pictured Rocks, and small towns filled with people that endure some seriously turbulent and frigid weather. (Summer and Autumn are unreal though) Big Two-Hearted River is one of Ernest Hemingways most renowned stories, taking place about as far North as you can get in the state of Michigan. Written in two parts, it has all the Hemingway tropes that have made him such an iconic writer. The Two-Hearted River is also where Bells Brewery gets the name for their critically-acclaimed IPA, Two-Hearted Ale. A drink of which Im sure Papa Hemingway would be quite proud. Jim Harrison might be my favorite food essayist of all time. His collection of essays, The Raw and The Cooked: Adventures of a Roving Gourmand, is blithe and insouciant, with brilliant descriptions of the Michigan landscape and the game that inhabits it. Harrisons long walks with his bird dogs are almost dreamlike, taking readers on a culinary journey that will leave most wanting to head Northward to live off the bounty of the land. Falling Rock Cafe and Bookstore Perhaps the most remarkable thing about bookstores located in the Upper Peninsula is that they are natural hideaways surrounded by lush forests, lakes, waterfalls, and areas for hiking and fishing. Falling Rock, in the town of Munising, is no exception. Named in reference to a myth explaining the yellow signs around the UP that state Watch For Falling Rock, this bookstore is buried in Hiawatha National Forest, and close to the shoreline of Lake Superior, The Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, and Grand Island. Snowbound Books Snowbound Books is located in Marquette, again nearly bordering Lake Superior. The Marquette Harbor Lighthouse is just down the road, as are the Picnic Rocks. While the exterior may look inconspicuous, Snowbound is a community staple. Culture I grew up hearing this designation, but for those of you that are not familiar with Michigan, people from the Upper Peninsula go by the agnomen Yooper. Upper Peninsula=UP=Yooper. That explains the name of this cool website, Yoopersteez, and their list of UP books. Ill certainly be adding a few of these to my TBR, especially in the Exploring Guides section. Visiting Michigans Upper Peninsula will not lead you on normal literary expeditions. While the Lower Peninsula is rife with bookstores and museums, the UP provides the constant natural inspiration for the states writers. Visiting the UP isnt merely about seeing a bookstore or a city, but about discovering the area that encompasses it. Fish and camp in the Land of Hemingways Nick Adams, cook outside with insatiable appetite of Jim Harrison, and become in tune with this gorgeous peninsula that has inspired authors for generations.

Essay about British Middle East Policy in the Late 1930s

British Middle East Policy in the Late 1930s Middle East was seen as the central junction for the communication of the British global empire. The British were clearly the dominant powerhouse of the late 30s throughout much of Europe and the Middle East. The shortest sea connection between Britain and India was through the Suez Canal, while the air and land routes connected Africa and Egypt to Palestine and the Middle East. This area was also a major source of oil. Oil was to become one of the most useful chemicals needed by the economy of a country both in peace and most importantly for war. The British commitment to a Jewish National Home in Palestine, agreed upon in the Balfour Declaration of 1917, created a series of conflicts†¦show more content†¦Arabs relationship with the British long pre-dated World War I. It started towards the middle of the nineteenth century. British interest blossomed into excitement over literary discoveries in Arab culture, such as the sixteen volumes of the Arabian Nights, which were pr inted in Richard Burtons translation between 1885 and 1888. The Arab counterpart of these British sentiments was respect for the British institutions. During World War I, T.E. Lawrence, a British agent, met Sharif Hussein of Mecca, who was the head of Arabs in the Moslem holy city of Mecca, to come to an agreement. Great Britain sponsored the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire in exchange for independence of Turkeys Arab provinces. Sharif Hussein of Mecca agreed to help the British in the war by attacking the Ottoman Empire, which was an allie of Germany in WWI. The British fought alongside Sharif of Mecca against the Ottoman Empire. Two people shared a great experience, but as far as the Arabs were concerned this was quickly changed to bitter disappointment. The British governments promise of support for the independence of Turkeys Arab provinces was flatly contradicted by a series of agreements concluded with its allies in the course of the war, which provided for the partitio ning of the Ottoman Empire into spheres of interest among Great Britain, France, Italy and Russia. As soon as the BritishShow MoreRelatedDifferent Cultures Integrating Into Australia Changed The Food And Hospitality Industry1422 Words   |  6 Pagesto Australia to start a new life. The majority of these people were English agricultural workers or domestic servants who in turn outnumbered the Irish and Scottish migrants. Thousands and thousands of Chinese people came to Australia during the 1850’s gold rushes. When the gold started to dwindle down, many took up market gardening or business like restaurants and laundries. In the second half of the 19 century South sea islanders were recruited to work on the Queensland sugar plantations, AfghanRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1253 Words   |  6 PagesVarious terrorist organizations, from al-Quade, to the Taliban, and now Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) have maintained our focus so much so that we have almost forgotten about prior threats. Ten years prior to the start of the conflict in the Middle East, the Cold War had officially concluded, ending almost 45 years of server political and military tensions between the U.S. and Russian following WWII. During this period of time, Russia was the central focus of the U.S., although China and NorthRead MoreThe Cold War Between The Us And The Soviet Union1738 Words   |  7 Pagesintend to allow a pro-Western government in Poland. In Poland at least, the Soviet intention was to install a satellite regime, although Stalin did not do this with Finland, Hungary or Czechoslovakia, at least not immediately. 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The significance of the republic policies were great, they brought a lot of growth in the 20’s allowing the market to strive over lots of trading and the purchaseRead MoreSouth Afric A Place Like No Other1569 Words   |  7 PagesZimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia. Spanning from the Atlantic Ocean on the West coastline and The Indian Ocean on the East, South Africa is over 2500 kilometers long (South Africa s Geography). This largely populated country houses over 52 million people, who collectively speak ten different languages. South Africa alone is the same size as Niger, Angola, Mali, and Columbia (South Africa s Geography). Within the borders of this vast land include nine provinces, the smallest being Gauteng and the largestRead MoreDevelopment Of Hybrid Colonial Architecture2190 Words   |  9 PagesEuropeans came to Southeast Asia during 16th century. The colonial vision was effectively imposed on Southeast Asia. At the beginning of the 20th century, most of the Southeas t Asia countries were controlled by the British, Dutch, French and the Americans. 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Accessed: 06/09/2012 12:18 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms

The Differences between the Self-Esteem of Boys and Girls...

Puberty is a time of many changes. Your body changes, your voice can change, and your emotions are on overdrive. The changes going through an adolescent’s body can be very confusing. Not everyone going through puberty knows what is happening to them. Plus, even if an understanding is there, it can be very uncomfortable. Almost every part of an adolescent’s body is affected when going through puberty. Psychologically, an adolescent is affected too. One psychological effect of puberty is a decreased self-esteem. Boys and girls both have affected self-esteem during puberty, but girls’ self-esteem seems to have a negative impact during puberty, whiles boys seem to have a more positive impact. This paper will focus on the impact of self-esteem†¦show more content†¦Research has shown that gender differences for depression do not exist for adults, but they do exist for adolescent, boys and girls. Depression starts to rise in girls around the ages of 13 to 14. Girls start to show a consistent higher rate of depression than boys (Nolen-Hoeksema Girgus, 1994). Body dissatisfaction is an indicator in adolescence for depression and low self-esteem. In a study by Paxton, Neumark-Sztainer, Hannan, and Marla E. Eisenberg it was shown that this is a spiral relation. This means self-esteem could predict body dissatisfaction and depression, or depression could predict self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction, as well as body dissatisfaction brings an indicator for low self-esteem an depression (2006). Social Support and Self-Esteem Puberty is a very challenging time for any adolescent, but it can become more challenging if the adolescent does not have any social support. Social support includes family, teachers, role models, and friends. In an article by Bearman, Martinez, and Stice low self-esteem has been linked with a lack of social support. This includes the quality and quantity of social support (Bearman, Martinez, Stice, Presnell, 2006). This means if an adolescent had many acquaintances, but no any real friends, and not anyone that can be there for emotional support, the adolescent can still have low self-esteem. This can also be reversed, as in if an adolescent has a few really good friends, butShow MoreRelatedAdolescent Self-Portrait Essay1647 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescent Self-Portrait December 1, 2014 BSHS/325 Maria Perrotta Adolescent Self-Portrait From the time an individual is born, they are facing continual growth and changes. Upon reaching adolescence, an individual will face many changes quickly that affect feelings and personality. Males and females face the same milestones, yet, are affected and changed by them differently. What It Feels Like To Be a Teenager Being a teenager is an exciting, scary, and overall stressfulRead MoreTeenager Is A Teenager, An Exciting, Scary, Horrible, And Overall Stressful Time1483 Words   |  6 Pagestheir teenage years, puberty begins. The body goes through major growth spurts that affect the body and mind. Boys will shoot up in height and develop a deeper-toned voice leaving them to feel like a man. A girl’s body will fill out as they develop breasts, pubic hair, and begin their menstrual cycle. The increase of hormones comes into play and mentally alters a girl s perception and attitude. Also, their voice will change too, but it will not be as dramatic as it is for a young boy. This stage of adolescenceRead MoreStudies of Social Media and its Effects on Adolescent’s Body Image 1166 Words   |  5 Pagesadolescents, these medias help to create unrealistic ideas of who they are and who they should be. As if going through puberty isn’t difficult enough, teenagers are raised to f ace these phony thoughts everyday. 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Nonetheless, Feldman (2014) points out the fact that physical changes begin earlier for girls typically at the age of 10, with sexual organ developmentRead MoreAdolescence : The Transiti onal Period Of Teenage Years Essay1751 Words   |  8 Pagesof 13 to 19 following the onset of puberty during which a young person matures from a child to an adult. 2. Puberty: the time in life that happens that causes physical changes between 10 and 14 for girls, and 12 to 16 for boys when a they become sexually mature. 3. Secular trend: Largely influenced by genetics, the secular trend in growth is that puberty is starting earlier for boys and girls now than in past generations. At the end of puberty (when girls get their period, for example) is levelingRead MoreResearch Report Questionnaires1342 Words   |  6 PagesLongobardi et al. (2015) conducted a longitudinal study using self-reported questionnaires. An increase in closeness with teachers was found in 9th grade when compared with 8th grade. This resulted in good academic performance in the students’ which connotes that a good teacher- child relationship has a positive impact on the academic performance of the students’. The study concluded that a good teacher-student relationship plays a very important role in the academics and the behavior of studentsRead MoreThe Childhood Of Teenage Hood1394 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle, an eleven year old girl, enjoys the typical activities a girl her age would like to do. That is why I thought going to the mall with Michelle, her mother and her little brother would be a good idea. During our day at the mall and our talk after lunch, I was able to get an insight into her psychological development as a pre-teen. 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Recommendations for future research are presented in the view of strengths and limitations of this study. Initially, this study aimed to explore the levels of self-esteem of early adolescents at the end of primary school and gender differences regarding self-esteem. Secondly, it attempted to examine the type of coping strategies that early adolescents employ and gender differences regarding the different coping strategiesRead MoreDepression As A Transient Phase Of Adolescence Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe World Health Organization (WHO) 25 defines adolescence as the period between the ages of 10 and 19. Adolescence is a period characterized by many changes that range from biological changes associated with puberty to social and psychological changes associated with awareness of sexuality26. The adolescent period is one of sensitivity which requires adequate and sufficient monitoring from parents and other care-givers 27. Depression is the commonest emotional problem experienced by adolescents28

Linguistic culture Free Essays

When I finished read Laura Bohannan’s essay â€Å"Shakespeare in the Bush† I felt that I was smiling. Can you beat it: Elizabeth Bowen-Smith (who will became Laura Bohannan later), intelligent student of Oxford university, sits on the calabash, drinks beer and explain the story of Hamlet to group of tribesmen. Some of them are a very experienced, old person who knows things. We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistic culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now It seems that Laura met very interesting company: they are bilingual (but their English is much worse than their native Tiv language (Tiv-Batu sub-group of the Bantoid branch of the Benue-Congo subdivision of Niger-Congo)), they know only own culture and believe that people in all world are the same. This concept of â€Å"universal understanding† brought her audience to idea that this young European girl (because all whites should be Europeans) do not remember this history exactly. She made a lot of mistakes and some details of Hamlet history were so strange for Tiv traditions that they were even fain to acknowledge that Europe is really another world. Bohannan told about Hamlet in very simple words and Tiv understood Hamlet plot, but very generally. Different cultural backgrounds not only make the Tiv and Bohannan have very different interpretations of Hamlet status (â€Å"son of chief†) or the general ideas of life and death. But the Tiv people interpreted several specific aspects of the story much differently than the modern Western culture. Almost from the beginning of Bohannan’s tale, tribe members interrupted to question and disagree with her about most of the key elements in the story. There was the appearance of Hamlet’s father’s ghost, Claudius’ marriage to Gertrude, the fact that Hamlet couldn’t marry Ophelia, Hamlet’s madness, Polonius’ death, Ophelia’s drowning death and the poison for after the final duel. The ghost of Hamlet’s father appeared in the castle to inform Hamlet of the truth about his death. The most of modern people could easily explain what is a ghost. The Tiv thought otherwise. The tribesmen scoffed at the notion that Hamlet’s father is a ghost because they don’t believe that any individual part of human personality survives after death. Tiv culture believes in witches and witchcraft, and then Hamlet’s father image must have been a zombie sent by witches as an omen. I like this passage from Bohannan’s essay: â€Å"The old men muttered: such omens were matters for chiefs and elders, not for youngsters; no good could come of going behind a chief’s back; clearly Horatio was not a man who knew things† (Bohannan). It seems that witches and their magic power were reality for Tiv people. You know that their religious beliefs were centered around the concept of akombo, defined as magical forces and their emblems. Between concepts of â€Å"ghost† and â€Å"akombo† we have intercultural gap. These words cannot be translated to other language without loosing some sense. Any translation is approximation only. For full understanding people should be members of certain society. Let’s go on. In the story of Hamlet, Hamlet’s uncle, Claudius, marries Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude. This marriage was only two months after Claudius’ brother, the King, was killed. The modern Western culture feels that this marriage was incestuous. It also took place too soon after the death of her husband. The Tiv, however, found no problem with it. It was a custom for the natives for the brother of a deceased man to marry his wife. This way, the fields could be taken care of and the farms could be managed. Another detail: one of the younger Tiv men asked Laura who had married the other wives of the â€Å"dead chief† (King). When she told that the King had only one wife they were surprised. â€Å"But a chief must have many wives! How else can he brew beer and prepare food for all his guests?† (Bohannan). Laura explanation about European tradition to have only one wife and to use servants for homework (and especially mentioning taxes) makes Tiv men to adduce an argument: â€Å"It was better for a chief to have many wives and sons who would help him hoe his farms and feed his people; then everyone loved the chief who gave much and took nothing† (Bohannan). As you remember, in the Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet could not marry his true love, Ophelia, because he was royalty and she a commoner. The Tiv disagreed with this also. They felt that the marriage should be permitted because since Hamlet was royalty, then he could shower Ophelia’s father, Polonius, with gifts and money. This seemed to be very rational to the Tiv, although it seems to be an odd to the modern Western culture. Since Hamlet was not permitted to marry Ophelia, he went mad. In the western tradition the positive imaging of love madness appeared probably in troubadours’ songs, probably in more ancient times. But for African tribe it was impossible to attribute madness to unhappy love affair. The Tiv felt that Hamlet’s madness was attributed to more serious cause – to witchcraft. They said her that â€Å"only witchcraft can make anyone mad, unless, of course, one sees the beings that lurk in the forest† (Bohannan). Laura did the best to explain relations between Hamlet, his uncle and his mother. These episodes of the play were absolutely unclear for Tiv people. They had several arguments for their position. Hamlet scolded his mother for her sin but man should never scold his mother. Hamlet wanted to kill Claudius who killed his father but nobody can kill or attempt to kill his elders (in Tiv traditions). Tiv men said Hamlet should have contacted his father’s friends to avenge the murder of King but do not try and avenge the murder himself. I found no Tiv reactions (and no explanation by Laura) to the moment when Hamlet went to kill Claudius but found him praying. He did not kill him because he believed that killing Claudius while in prayer would send Claudius’s soul to heaven. We know that Tiv do not believe in the beyond. So this motive should not be clear for them. Laura missed this episode. May be she felt that she had no chances to explain this for her audience? She also did not tell about Hamlet’s words about Polonius’ murder â€Å"Heaven hath pleased it so / To punish me with this, and this with me† (Hamlet, III.iv.157–158) and about Polonius’ body â€Å"The body is with the king, but the king is not with the body† (Hamlet IV.ii.25–26). When Hamlet killed Polonius, Ophelia’s father, she was so distraught after hearing about this that she committed suicide by drowning herself. The Tiv were strongly opposed to this. They felt that only witches could make someone drown because water alone cannot hurt someone. â€Å"It is merely something one drinks and bathes in† (Bohannan). They understood that Ophelia’s brother, Laertes, killed her to sell her to the witches because he ran out of money. Also, at Ophelia’s funeral, Laertes jumped into her grave to say his last goodbye. Hamlet then jumped into the grave to say his last goodbye, also. The Tiv thought that Laertes was trying to steal the body so he could sell it to the witches. Since Hamlet jumped in, then he saved Ophelia’s body from being sold. They felt that Laertes wanted to kill Hamlet because he prevented him from selling Ophelia’s body. And I like Tiv explanation very much: â€Å"Hamlet prevented him, because the chief’s heir, like a chief, does not wish any other man to grow rich and powerful.† (Bohannan) About understanding the duel between Hamlet and Laertes. King Claudius gave Laertes a poisoned rapier (probably Laura translated it as â€Å"machete†) so that Hamlet would die even if he was just scratched by the sword. Laertes has his sword poisoned in an effort to do Hamlet in once and for all. Claudius wanted Hamlet dead because he knew the truth about his father’s death. Just in case Hamlet survived the battle, a glass of poisoned wine was waiting for the victor. The wine unfortunately fell into the wrong hands, and Hamlet’s mother drank it and died. The modern Western culture believes that the wine was intended for Hamlet in case he survived the duel. The Tiv believe otherwise. They felt that the wine was intended for the victor of the match, either Hamlet or Laertes. They thought that it would be used to kill Hamlet because he knew true about the murder of his father, or it would be used to kill Laertes so no one would know about the conspiracy between him and Claudius to kill Hamlet. I think that the main point of Bohannan’s essay was to illustrate that different cultures interpret things differently. What we accept is influenced by our own cultural and linguistic values. Both interpretations of Hamlet are correct according to the cultural values of the two different cultures. (May be Tiv opinion is more correct because they proposed for Laura to tell them some more stories of her country. They said â€Å"We, who are elders, will instruct you in their true meaning, so that when you return to your own land your elders will see that you have not been sitting in the bush, but among those who know things and who have taught you wisdom.† (Bohannan)) It seems that the author intentions is not a matter. If our interpretation is different than that of the author, but the story still influenced our life, then that is all that matters. Word is just symbol and everyone can understand it how he can. But if you want to communicate with other people you should learn their culture and to speak their language. References: Bohannan, Laura (1971), from Conformity and Conflict: Readings in Cultural Anthropology, eds. James P. Spradley and David W. McCurdy Boston: Little Brown and Company. http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~idris/Essays/Shakes_in_Bush.htm Ethnographic Atlas of the Center of Social Anthropology and Computing. University of Kent at Canterbury http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7874 William Shakespeare. Hamlet The Oxford Shakespeare.1914 http://www.alma.edu/students/students/02merosa/hamlet/hamlet_fulltext.htm    How to cite Linguistic culture, Essay examples

Warts and All Case Essay Example For Students

Warts and All Case Essay These together with other false impressions created by these agencies do not translate into a successful recruitment policy acceding to Samisens, a business psychologist. The case study also brings out an important statistic. A company spends up to three times the employees annual salary in recruiting, training, advertising and the time lost in employing a new employer as a result of a staff turnover. Samisen is no fan of such recruitment agencies and has shared his expertise with top companies like Royal and Sun Alliance and Boots. His main focus is exposing the whole and real truth about a company to an applicant. They also combine the applicants skills with motivation unlike the tendency to focus only on skills by companies. Samisens and his team have introduced the medium of videos, audio cassettes and written materials during the recruitment session. These tools give an insight into What goes on in the company and does not misinform. These techniques have proved beneficial to their clients in terms of saving money and boosting the morale Of its newly employed. We will write a custom essay on Warts and All Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now CASE ANALYSIS Recruitment is a process whereby a business seeks applicants either generally or for particular vacancies (Touring, Hall and ATA;or 2008). Edwin B. Fillip defined recruitment as the process of searching for prospective employees ND stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization, Section 7 (1) of the Labor Act (2003) to Ghana states unequivocally that a person shall not operate a private employment agency unless that person is a corporate body, has applied to, and has been granted a license, by a Minister. The approach to recruitment described in this article is one that can be termed as a smokescreen, Nothing at the recruitment stage is at it seems. From the plush hotels, expensive food to the glossy images of the brochures all gives the applicant a false hope endless riches ND luxury with the new job they are being recruited for. There is a much bigger argument for putting out warts and all messages in recruitment advertisements and Other procedures. There is a process called a Realistic Job Preview (RPR). This is a tool designed to reduce early turnover. It communicates to the applicants the desirable and undesirable aspect Of the job before they accept a job offer (CAPS Human Resource Services 2007). Samisen employ the use Of such tool in their recruitment processes for companies like Boots, Pearson and Royal and Sun Alliance as cited in the case. It comes in various formats such as brochures, job shadow, cassette and video. Video however is the most effective medium since it offers a consistent message, easy to use and the impact to the applicant is very great. The video coverage gives a visible presentation into the companies, its ethics, various departments, how the actual job schedule looks like and it actually puts the applicant into the company. This visual impressions really impacts on the applicant more than a brochure or hearing from a tape. Advantages of this medium of recruitment will be explained below. Firstly, there is greater job satisfaction among staff Who are recruited through the use of realistic job preview. This is because they have a true presentation of what the job entails and prepare themselves for the task ahead. There is no element of surprise on the job. This ensures that the staff is easily and quickly integrated into the setup Of the company and he hits the ground running. This is far better to an employee who enters the job without a realism into what pertains there since they have been convinced through unrealistic conditions not really existent in the company itself. Another advantage is that studies have revealed that staff who undergo a realistic job preview at the recruitment stage are less likely to leave their job. This helps the company to retain its staff which helps the companys bottom line. This is because companies spend a lot of money in recruiting, training and deploying a new staff and all these cost would have been avoided if the staff does not leave the job. Thirdly, as stated by Samisens, a realistic job preview helps eliminate unsuitable people early in the recruitment process. This saves the company time and money which can be injected into other sectors of the company. When the applicant is subjected to the companys realities, he may realize that this job is not for him and this helps the applicant to reconsider his career choice. The applicant sometimes Will Withdraw from the recruitment process. This ensures that theft suitable applicants are left at the end of the recruitment process and there the realistic job process also serves as a form of shortlist. Another merit is that it helps the staff to cope with the high demands of the new job. For example, there is a new job offer which demands a staff to work from Monday to Saturday and sometimes even Sundays. The salary might be very good with benefits but the job demands are very high and could close as late as ten pm. .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5 , .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5 .postImageUrl , .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5 , .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5:hover , .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5:visited , .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5:active { border:0!important; } .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5:active , .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5 .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf48c284aae88ca56866799fea61f28b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Low Self Esteem EssayWith the bad practices tooth recruitment agencies, only the high salary would be portrayed and used to entice the applicant. However, the best practice to realistic job process will state all including the demanding nature to the position. This helps the staff to condition himself for the tough nature of the job and as such handles the pressures positively. There are grave consequences with this unprofessional approach the proliferation approach by companies. The first disadvantage is that, it leads to high turnover in the companies who finally employ such applicant Who were recruited through such unrealistic procedures. The newly employed staff quickly observes that all the good and favorable items that were dangled by the recruiting company turns out to be a facade. This forces the staff to look for a new job and he resigns as soon as he finds the new job. This causes the company to again go through the Whole process again and they incur high cost not only in recruiting but in training and retaining the staff as all. Early turnover can be explained as when a staff leaves a new job within the first year of their employment. Secondly, there will not be job satisfaction in the new job. The new employee might not be able to cope with the pressures and highly demanding nature of the job. This stems from the fact that he or she was not made aware of the realities tooth job he sought. Other packages like motivation and promotion would have been blond over and made to look mouthwatering by the agencies whereas they are a bit blowhard was portrayed. This makes the staff to be dissatisfied and has an adverse effect on his job input. The staff will also begin to show other job deviant behaviors like absenteeism and lower productivity. All these will be exhibited at the work place because their expectations for the job have not been met They also choose to remain on their current job because they have not found employment elsewhere and as such display such deviant behaviors to the detriment Of the company. MERITS OF RECRUITMENT AGENCIES Little administrative chore for the employer 2. Established as the normal method for filling certain vacancies. Capital secretaries in CB DEMERITS 1. Can produce staff who are likely to stay for a short time . Widely distrusted by employers 3. Can be very expensive MERITS OF PUTTING OUT WARTS AND ALL Best Answer Chosen by Voters Some do, despite the fact it is illegal in the ELK to advertise a vacancy that does not exist, equally it should clearly state a job title and location. Threes a lot of sharp practice Within agencies but dont let that put you Off- threes also some very good consultants and businesses who have excellent relationships with clients, and access to vacancies that do not get advertised. A good consultant Will also be able to offer you invaluable advice on career routes, options, interview quenching, the offer process etc. Unfortunately the list is growing Other job agents, I would say it depends on who you deal with as they are different from consultant to consultant. Hope this helps Desperately seeking good job agents (competent and result oriented) 10 things we hate about recruitment companies with 38 comments Epic] Even It up! Acknowledges that, like it or not, recruitment companies are firmly entrenched as part Of the hiring landscape now. However, all the evidence seems to point to the fact that they notoriously over-promise and under-deliver. Bit like casinos really. , given that many jobsharers are forced into using them (and we place the blame firmly with business who outsource when they really should be arranging their recruitment in-house as a crucial brand issue) weve put together a list of what to expect when you deal with them, and why we dont like dealing with them at all! 1. General position calls If you see an ad anywhere (the paper, Seek, job boards etc) calling for an expression of i nterest (or similar) rather than a specific position approach with care. Only very rarely does this actually eventuate into an interview, let alone work. .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea , .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea .postImageUrl , .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea , .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea:hover , .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea:visited , .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea:active { border:0!important; } .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea:active , .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u23450da021653c356646438beff023ea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Frito-Lays Dips EssayOur understanding is that this is purely a marketing ploy that can be used to sell their extensive database of candidatesto clients/potential clients. 2. Baiting If you do manage to get some face time with a consultant, beware of the phrase Me had a position come in yesterday that would have been right up your alley or Ive got a position that has just come across my desk that you would have been suitable for. Then you hear nothing, or the position has been withdrawn, or its gone to a redeployed (or any other excuse). These are psychological techniques designed to get your hopes up and keep you hanging. . Pigeon- holing If you apply for one sort of position with a recruitment company e. G. As a temp, you Will be a temp forever. Even if juicy contracting positions come up, you Will not be considered. Once you have had your Word/Excesses/Frontage ability tested and your data entry speed recorded, you Will be forever pigeonholed. If you do, for whatever reason, have to register with an agency for a position, give them information that relates only to that position. Less is more. Oh, and one more thing: just because your have qualifications does not mean you wont be pigeonholed. . Silence Similar to pigeonholing is silence or avoidance. Basically, this occurs if they think youve done something *wrong in the eyes of the agency, for example not taking a job that you were clearly unsuitable for, withdrawing your application tort a position, not winning a contract position, or calling in sick on your first day of temping, Guaranteed you will he placed on the black list, This means that no matter what you do, calls or emails about jobs or contracts will not be returned. Its like you are in labor market limbo. You can always wait for the consultant to NC. E on and try again in six months or a year, but sometimes they are in these jobs for years, so the likelihood of this happening is quite slim. S. References Agencies do check references, but our advice is dont give them your best ones. Our rationale is that you should save your best references for real jobs. Dont get sucked into handing over the names and details of references until you really have to. Its a waste of good references otherwise. 6. They are not your agent Despite many recruitment personnel calling themselves agents (and we have referred to them that way in this blob for convenience), this is not the case ND is misleading. An agent implies they are working forum. This is not the case: they are working for their client ? the employer because thats where the money is. Get the whole agent thing out of your mind. Only rarely will a consultant (which is also a misleading tern) actually work with you. If you find one, please let Even It Up! Know because this is a rare breed. 7. Beware of people not carrying pencils If you do get called into an interview, beware of people not carrying pens or paper. If no notes are being taken, or questions not being asked, its a sham. 8. Amateur hour Most recruitment consultants have little or no experience in the industry or field in which you are applying. It is our experience that most are glorified sales personnel on a power kick. Unnaturally, these people operate in a high stakes environment i. E. Your life. 9. Once is never, twice is always It a recruitment company treats you badly once, its never. However, if they treat you badly twice, its always, and you need to jettison them. Its not like they are doing (or will do) anything forum anyway. We recommend that you let them know with the following email (or similar): Dear consultant loud like to advise that you are unsuccessful in winning me as a candidate. While I am skilled, qualified and experienced, and would be an asset to any employer, you will not have the pleasure or remuneration of representing me. Unfortunately, you didnt treat me particularly ovule, even though I gave you a couple of chances. Have therefore decided that do not want to deal with you as there are Other companies Out there Who Will treat me With respect. Please delete my C.V. and details from your database. 10. Gatekeeper Status Even It up! Wants to know died and made recruitment companies the taskmasters? Why do they have this Status, and Why do they retain it?

Visa P para competir o actuar en Estados Unidos

Visa P para competir o actuar en Estados Unidos Los artistas y los deportistas pueden solicitar la visa P para actuar o competir en Estados Unidos con carcter temporal. Son visas no inmigrantes que no deben confundirse con las de tipo O para personas con habilidades excepcionales. En este artà ­culo se explican quià ©nes pueden solicitar esta categorà ­a de visas, las distintas modalidades, cà ³mo se tramita, duracià ³n de la estancia y otras alternativas de visa. Quià ©nes pueden solicitar estas visas Artistas o deportistas que actà ºan o compiten individualmente o tambià ©n cuando forman parte de un grupo o un equipo, como por ejemplo, coros, grupos de baile u orquestas. Tipos de visa Dependiendo de las circunstancias concretas de cada caso hay cuatro tipos de visas P. En primer lugar, la visa P1 es para artistas y deportistas que gozan de prestigio internacional en su campo y desean viajar a Estados Unidos para actuar o competir. En el caso de grupos artà ­sticos es preciso poder demostrar una antigà ¼edad mà ­nima de un aà ±o en el conjunto. Asimismo, tambià ©n debern solicitar visa P1 los artistas que no formando parte del grupo los acompaà ±an formando parte del mismo espectculo. Cada aà ±o fiscal pueden concederse un mximo de 25,000 visas P1. Curiosamente los jugadores profesionales de videojuegos como deportistas de à ©lite y est concediendo visas P-1 para competir en EEUU. En segundo lugar, la visa P2: para artistas que actà ºan en solitario o forman parte de un grupo para actuar dentro de un programa de intercambio cultural entre Estados Unidos y otro paà ­s. En tercer lugar, la visa P3: para artistas que actà ºan solos o forman parte de un conjunto y que desean ingresar a Estados Unidos porque son parte fundamental de un espectculo, o porque van a enseà ±ar o entrenar en un programa cultural à ºnico. Resaltar que en la P3, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con la P1, no se exige que los artistas que conforman un grupo lleven ms de un aà ±o juntos. Finalmente la visa P4: las personas que obtengan una visa P1, P2 o P3 podrn viajar a Estados Unidos acompaà ±ados por sus cà ³nyuges e hijos menores de 21 aà ±os, quienes debern solicitar un visado P4. No estn autorizados a trabajar pero pueden estudiar mientras dure su estancia. Su visa es derivada en el sentido de que no durar ms que la de la persona de la que dependan. Tambià ©n tener en cuenta que en determinados casos se puede pedir tambià ©n una B-1 para los empleados domà ©sticos de una visa P. Cundo no es necesario pedir una visa P Hay que destacar que los miembros de grupos musicales principiantes que no van a recibir pago alguno por su actuacià ³n en Estados Unidos no necesitan solicitar una visa P, bastar con una de turista e incluso ninguna para el caso de los nacionales de un paà ­s acogido al Programa de exencià ³n de visas, como es el caso de los espaà ±oles o chilenos. Esto es asà ­ incluso en los casos en los que cobran un importe destinado a reembolsar exclusivamente los gastos de alojamiento y transporte. Sin embargo, si cobran dinero por su trabajo, aunque sea una cantidad pequeà ±a, SI deben obtener la visa P y se considera un fraude de ley trabajar y cobrar cuando se ingresa a Estados Unidos como turista. Es ms, los oficiales migratorios pueden impedir el ingreso si se considera o sospecha de que se va a cobrar por la actuacià ³n Cà ³mo se inicia el proceso para solicitar la visa P El trmite para las visas P lo inicia el empleador en Estados Unidos, que deber enviar debidamente cumplimentada la forma I-129 al Centro de Servicio del USCIS que corresponda. Si la peticià ³n es aprobada se notificar, por un lado, a la oficina consular donde deban solicitarse las visas y, por otro, al empleador, que recibir la forma I-797. Tramitacià ³n de la visa ante el consulado Sà ³lo una vez que la peticià ³n ha sido aprobada por el USCIS y el empleador ha recibido la forma I-797 podr solicitarse la visa ante la oficina consular correspondiente. Las especificaciones pueden variar de consulado a consulado por lo que conviene verificar la informacià ³n reseà ±ada en la pgina web de la oficina de representacià ³n de Estados Unidos en cada paà ­s. Checar bien si es necesario hacer alguna llamada a un nà ºmero en particular al tratarse de visas para grupos. En là ­neas generales se va a pedir: Que como primer paso se rellene electrà ³nicamente la forma DS-156.Una fotografà ­a que reà ºna las especificaciones exigidas.Abono de la cuota o arancel de la visa. El dà ­a de la cita para la entrevista llevar toda la documentacià ³n exigida por la pgina web del consulado. Seguro es necesario llevar el pasaporte actual y los pasados, pero se puede requerir ms documentacià ³n. Las visas pueden negarse por muchas razones que son clasificadas dentro de dos grandes categorà ­as. En primer lugar, las que convierten a una persona en inadmisible para ingresar a Estados Unidos y otras que la convierten en inelegible para la visa no inmigrante. Estancia en Estados Unidos Los titulares de una visa P sà ³lo podrn permanecer en Estados Unidos por el tiempo que estn autorizados. Para ello lo fundamental no es fijarse en la fecha de la visa, sino en la del documento conocido como I-94. Si se desea extender la estancia, entonces el empleador deber solicitarlo al USCIS rellenando la forma I-539. Tambià ©n es posible realizar sustituciones en los miembros que componen el grupo. Pero el empleador debe solicitarlo al USCIS. Otras opciones a la visa P Estados Unidos brinda diferentes tipos de visas que permiten trabajar en el paà ­s. Cada tipo de visa tiene sus propios requisitos y es necesario cumplirlos todos. Es importante familiarizarse con ellas y tambià ©n conocer cules son todos documentos que permiten trabajar legalmente en los Estados Unidos. Trabajar ilegalmente puede ser causa de revocacià ³n de la visa, expulsià ³n inmediata, prohibicià ³n de ingresar a Estados Unidos o deportacià ³n. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Definition of Deliberative Rhetoric

Definition of Deliberative Rhetoric Deliberative rhetoric (from the Greek- rhetor: orator,  tekhne: art), also known as  legislative rhetoric  or  deliberative discourse,  is  speech or writing that attempts to persuade  an audience to take- or not take- some action.  According to Aristotle, the  deliberative  is  one of the three major branches of  rhetoric. (The other two branches are judicial  and epideictic.)   Whereas judicial  (or forensic) rhetoric is primarily concerned with past events, deliberative discourse, says Aristotle, always advises about things to come. Political oratory and debate fall under the category of deliberative rhetoric.​ Deliberative Rhetoric Deliberative rhetoric, says A.O. Rorty, is directed to those who must decide on a course of action (members of the assembly, for instance), and is typically concerned with what will turn out to be useful (sumpheron) or harmful (blaberon) as means to achieve specific ends  in matters of defense, war and peace, trade, and legislation (The Directions of Aristotles Rhetoric in  Aristotle: Politics, Rhetoric and Aesthetics,  1999). Use of Deliberative Rhetoric    ArgumentArtistic Proofs and Inartistic ProofsThe Art of PersuasionExhortation Aristotle on Deliberative Rhetoric    [In Aristotles Rhetoric,] the deliberative rhetor must exhort or persuade his audience, his speech is addressed to a judge of the future, and its end is to promote the good and avoid the harmful. Deliberative rhetoric concerns contingencies within human control. The deliberative orator addresses topics such as war and peace, national defense, trade, and legislation, in order to assess what is harmful and beneficial. Accordingly, he must grasp the relationships between various means and the ends of experience and happiness. (Ruth CA Higgins, The Empty Eloquence of Fools: Rhetoric in Classical Greece. Rediscovering Rhetoric: Law, Language, and the Practice of Persuasion, ed. by Justin T. Gleeson and Ruth Higgins. Federation Press, 2008)     Deliberative rhetoric is  concerned with future events; its action is exhortation or dissuasion...Deliberative rhetoric is about expediency, that is, it is concerned with the means to happiness rather than with what happiness actually is; the special topics which inform debate about this represent what can be described as the Good, with what brings happiness.  (Jennifer Richards, Rhetoric. Routledge, 2008)   Deliberative Argument as Performance A good deliberative argument is a carefully timed performance. Unlike a work of exposition, which allows, indeed often invites, the reader to pause and study some part of it at his leisure, a deliberative argument gives the illusion of a controlled, generally increasing momentum, and its effect can be ruined by an interruption. The speaker uses every possible means to jog our attention- exclamations, apostrophes, questions, gestures- and to spur us ever forward, not only with series of tapered expressions but also by means of stimulating suspensions...Our speakers purpose is not so much to induce or enable us to remember the parts of his argument as to inspire us to cast a favorable vote when hands are to be counted: movere  [to move] rather than docere [to teach]. (Huntington Brown, Prose Styles: Five Primary Types. University  of Minnesota Press, 1966) The Primary Appeals of Deliberative Discourse All deliberative discourses are concerned with what we should choose or what we should avoid...Are there some common denominators among the appeals that we use when we are engaged in exhorting someone to do or not to do something, to accept or to reject a particular view of things? There are indeed. When we are trying to persuade people to do something, we try to show them that what we want them to do is either good or advantageous. All of our appeals in this kind of discourse  can be reduced to these two heads: (1) the worthy (dignitas) or the good (bonum) and (2) the advantageous or expedient or useful (utilitas)... Whether we lean heaviest on the topic of the worthy or the topic of the advantageous will depend largely on two considerations: (1) the nature of our subject, (2) the nature of our audience. It should be obvious that some things are intrinsically more worthy than others.(Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 1999) Pronunciation: di-LIB-er-a-tiv

Louis Kahn, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, 1959-1965 Assignment

Louis Kahn, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, 1959-1965 - Assignment Example The Salk compound is at the centre of the large courtyard that has identical concrete rows of laboratory space and offices. At the end of the courtyard is a magnificent view of the Pacific, coupled with the soothing fountain sounds. Designed by Louis Khan, the courtyard is the main highlight of the site. The courtyard is inspired by Louis Barragan, a Mexican architect. Khan had initially planned to have plants and trees at the courtyard but was advised by Barragan against that decision (Treib). It enabled Khan to come up with a stone plaza that created an open feeling with the large sky; it also had a water feature (Anderson). Originally, the buildings were built by different cement mixtures with various colors; this is evident in the basement of the complex. Khan introduced wood to compliment with the cement. Inside, the buildings have no walls; this is a promotion of collaboration. The basement has one floor with another two floors existing above it, on both sides (Anderson).Lighting fixtures in the form of easy slide rails have also been used to promote collaboration. Roman techniques are evident in the architecture as the concrete was created from volcanic ash to create a pinkish glow. Each laboratory block consists of five study towers each containing offices, but those at the entrances consists of only two study towers. The diagonal walls enable each of the thirty-six scientists in the studies to have a view of the Pacific. The original design of this complex had conference buildings and living quarters but were never

EMPLOYMENT LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

EMPLOYMENT LAW - Essay Example If the employee is under a contractual agreement with his employers, he/she is bound by the terms and conditions of the contract, and barring unforeseen circumstances which renders the performance of any terms, untenable or unenforceable; he/she has to strictly abide by such covenants. However in the case of agency workers, the contract would be one that is entered between the agency and the employee and this would form the locus of the employment. It is first of necessary to define what an employment agency business is about. It could be said to be a business of â€Å"providing services (whether by the provisions of information or otherwise) for the purpose of finding workers employment with employers or if supplying employers with workers for employment by them† (Employment agencies. 2006). of existing law but there are some agencies that indulge in malpractices that may bring the entire agency business into disrepute. Thus it is specifically to deal with issues that bring about a bad reputation to the business of employment agency that it has become necessary to enforce legal strictures. Prohibited  from charging fees from potential work seekers. This is because the law does not wish to make a commercial transaction of just employment seeking, and not work performed for gainful employment. The nine aspects under the Equal Status Laws in which discrimination is termed as illegal are: On the grounds of gender , marital status- whether married or unmarried, family status, sexual preferences, religion professed, age, race, color, nationality, ethnic or national origins, presence of disability, membership of traveler community (What is the Employment Equality Act? 1998). In a leading case law of James v. Greenwich London Borough Council, the claimant was employed in the Council’s services until 1997. She ceases work and subsequently began work again in September 2001 after moving

Changing Pattern of Consumer Behaviour

Changing Pattern of Consumer Behaviour Today organizations need a deep insight into consumer behaviour and its changing patterns in order to survive in the market place. Large organizations have highly trained individuals recruited to collect information about the consumers constantly changing needs and trends so that they can get focused on what is required by consumer; so that they can cater those needs as accurately and efficiently as possible . Harrods is one of the worlds most well-known department stores situated on Brampton Road in Knightsbridge, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London, England; It was established in 1849 as a small grocery store with only two helpers. Today, it offers its customers with everything from food to fashion, furniture to sportswear plus 20 in-store restaurants serving every kind of cuisine imaginable from pizza to sushi. Services range from piano tuning to fitting saddles. Must-see sights include the Food Halls, the Egyptian Hall and the Pet Department. (Visit London) Harrods after tenure of great success has lately seen a falling trend in its sales. Harrods, therefore, has further studied the behaviour of its consumers more closely in order to know the reasons of this unfortunate decline in sales. This report contains an analysis of this study, external influences and how they can be used positively to augment the sales; It mentions the strategies Harrods can use in order to get the same honourable and prestigious position back in the marketplace. Task 1: Impact of External Influences An insight into the behaviour of consumers at Harrods Harrods is a high end departmental store which offers a great range of products and services. Once opened as a small grocery shop has now matured to become a good example for posh and glamorous shopping, complementing itself on its motto Omnia Omnibus Ubique which means that All things, for all people, everywhere. It is famous about Harrods that you can buy anything you can name at Harrods, from a hair pin to furniture. (go there guide) Consumer behaviour is a study of when, how and where people buy or do not buy certain products or services. When buying a product, consumers usually go through several stages which can be named as need recognition, information search, evaluation of different purchase options, purchase decision and post purchase behaviour e.g. a need arise when you see your current television set is out dated and pretty old fashion or may be its broken. You decide that you want a new television and then start looking for different options transferring yourself to the next stage and you start looking for which television to buy and from which place; this is the stage when Harrods should come in the mind of a consumer. Then a consumer evaluates between different available options which Harrods has advantage of providing consumer all under one roof and then finally he buys a product. (East, 2008) Harrods is considered a glamorous shopping place. Though nearly everything is available at Harrods but the target market segment that Harrods focuses on is the upper class. This is the market segment the management at Harrods keeps in mind while carrying out its marketing activities. People visiting Harrods may belong to any age group but majority of them belong to the social class A and expect a service that is up to the mark. They expect that the product available at Harrods would belong to the highest of the qualities available. Marketers define four types of buying behaviours and it is based on the type of products that the consumer intends to buy. All four types of buying behaviors can be witnessed in the consumers at Harrods as a vast range of products are available at Harrods. Complex buying behaviour This where the person purchases a high value brand and inquires about a lot of information before the purchase is made. This may be when a consumer is buying a very expensive outfit of Paul Smith Black at Harrods Habitual buying behaviour This is when somebody purchases a product out of routine e.g. a daily newspaper, sugar or salt. This is applicable for a consumer buying grocery from the grocery section Variety seeking buying behaviour It is when the person likes to shop around and try out with different products. Some consumers at Harrods do not have the particular brand in mind beforehand when they shop for any product so they experiment different brands. Dissonance reducing buying behaviour This is the type of behaviour when buyer is extremely concerned with the purchase of the product, because the purchase is expensive or occasional. An example could be buying expensive furniture at Harrods. (Micheal.R.Solomon, 2005) The management at Harrods needs to keep all these consumer behaviour theories like what makes consumer buy a product, what kind of behaviours can they adopt while shopping at Harrods in mind and factors can cause a change in consumer buying patterns in mind while they take their management decisions. They specially need to be aware of the expectations of their consumers and what exactly they want from Harrods in order to improve and find the loop holes which might be leading to a fall in sales. External Factors may influence Buying Behaviour Consumer behaviour can be affected by various factors that may be highly uncontrollable by marketers. These external factors may include the opinion of your friends, the values and the way you are brought up, the media, the culture, certain groups you interact with etc. All of these external factors are mentioned in details with respect to the consumers of Harrods as follows: Culture Culture does influence consumer behaviour; culture is defined as our attitudes and beliefs. The point that we need to know here is the way these attitudes and beliefs are developed. As a person matures, a child is influenced by his parents, siblings and other family members who may educate them about rights and wrongs. They learn about their religion and culture, which helps them develop these opinions, attitudes and beliefs.. (Micheal.R.Solomon, 2005) Geographical Culture Harrods needs to understand the culture of people living in London. The way they are brought up and what their values are. Do people living in London like to go to glamorous shopping places like Harrods? Are they comfortable shopping at such high end places? What are their buying trends and do they prefer large shopping places over small ones? Can people living there afford to buy expensive or do they usually spend this much on average? All these questions need to be answered in order understand the psyche of consumers living in London and cater them according to their needs. If we go back into history, UK is a class based society and some remains of such behaviour are still existent. People who belong to a high class do like to show off and go to high end places but as time is passing this frame of mind is changing. This change of mind may be one of the factors leading to fall in demand for Harrods. Subculture Subcultures can be defined as members that possess beliefs, values and customs that set them apart from other members of the same society. There can be nationality, ethnic, racial, geographical or religious sub cultures. People belonging to various parts of the world and belonging to various sets of beliefs and norms live in London, which leads a complex set of people who may have different beliefs and norms mixed up. Understanding and catering to all of them is not very realistic but Harrods needs have knowledge regarding major subcultures so that its products are designed according to it and their do not hurt anyones beliefs and norms. (Leon G Schiffman, 1997) Global Culture In order to make sure that the products it is offering is in line with the Global culture, Harrods needs to study the global trends of buying behaviour as well. Generally people around the globe have started preferring large shopping malls over small specific buying areas. This facilitates a consumer in a way that all the products are available under one roof. As people are getting more and busier with their work lives, this saves time. Moreover the world is also moving towards better quality products and services. Designer clothes and fashion apparel are getting popular. Brands are getting global. This trend of customers goes in favour of Harrods. Multinationals have the brought the consumer base to one platform which in a way has helped marketers to understand complex behaviours. (my library) Reference Groups Reference group is an actual or imaginary individual or group concealed of having significant relevance upon an individuals evaluations, aspirations and behaviour. Marketers have seen that reference groups can strongly influence buying behaviours. Reference groups are particular set of people some people may look up towards to that have an impact on consumer behaviour. So they can be only a band like the Savage Garden or your direct family members. Marketers have grouped reference groups into classes to comprehend the way the influence more clearly. (Micheal.R.Solomon, 2005) Types of Reference Groups Normative: Some group and individuals are more powerful than others and affect a broader range of consumption decisions. A very good example would be family. Your upbringing really has a strong influence on your likes and dislikes, definitions of right and wrong. Family values and practices usually do not change and develop basic standards of behavior. If a family is used shop from department stores rather than individuals outlets or it may be particularly Harrods then this practice may be passed on to further generations as well and this how the cycle goes on. (M.Khan, 2007) Comparative: These are the people you compare yourself to and can relate to e.g. friends, neighbors or a club you are a member of. Some of these may be ones you aspire and want to imitate. A person may start shopping from Harrods because a friend of his shops from Harrods and he likes it very much and recommended him as well. (M.Khan, 2007) Reference groups can further be divided into direct and indirect reference groups: direct are the ones you have contact in person with and indirect may be the ones you may not have direct contact with such as celebrities. (Balythe, 2008) Marketers cannot directly manipulate your direct reference groups or use them for their benefits but indirect reference groups can easily be used by marketers. Harrods needs to study about its consumers reference groups and use them in its favour. If Harrods serves its existing consumers really well they will automatically prove to be a resourceful reference group for some potential consumers. They can also use celebrity endorsements referent powers. (Wagner, 2003) Opinion leader Opinion leaders are the people who have greater knowledge about a certain thing than a lay man so you respect their views and that may influence consumer behaviour. Most of the times it would really affect the behaviour if the thing to buy is a highly technological product, may be a hi-tech computer and the opinion leader in that case may be a computer expert. (CL Tyagi, 2004) Economic Environment Economic environment has a great influence on buying behaviour. People usually spend more during good economic times and during an economic boom and likewise less during recessions. Lately aggregate demand around the globe felt due to global recession. People were out of jobs and businesses were heading towards a downfall which left people with less disposable incomes on hand to spend. This may also be one of the factors leading to Harrods reduced sales. (Angus Deaton, 1980) Competition Competition is another factor which influences the consumer behavior. This provides consumers with more options available so they start comparing between the available options and selects the one which benefits them the most. Harrods has a few potential competitors mentioned below: Selfridges There is store called Selfridges Co. It is also one of the largest areas in the world with 540,000 sq.ft of selling area. It is located on the Oxford Street which is a prime posh location. Like Harrods, it is also famous among consumers for providing a large range of products and services. The difference between Harrods and Selfridges could be that Selfridges is more focused towards entertainment as it has 15 bars, cafes and restaurants inside the area. It has two more smaller department stores, one in Manchester and the other in (business week) Marks and Spencer Another strong competition would be Marks and Spencer (MS). It is a British retail chain and it has 330 department stores and over 340 food location all over UK. It does not operate in UK only but has over 300 locations in countries including Indonesia, South Korea, India and China. The factor that differentiates M S from Harrods is that it core range consists of mid-priced household items, fashion apparel and other products whereas Harrods is designed for the best or may be for everything rather a narrowed specific price range. M S has been in this market for more than 100 years and has been ranked as the no. 1 supplier of women wear. Moreover, the company makes 90% of its sales in its home country which certainly is UK. It can give Harrods a tough competition if Harrods get even a little bit lenient in its services (business week) Fortnum Mason This is 300 year old department store. It is very famous for its food which includes jams, teas, and sauces. It also supplies Queen with annual Christmas puddings. It has five restaurants and though it generates most of its sales from food but it also sells gifts, luggage, household products, cosmetics etc. Though its product range and the area of focus are not exactly same as Harrods but it can be counted as a competition and was mentioned by a number of consumers at Harrods. (business week) Task 2: Recommended Positioning Strategy Perception A study of human perception can also help marketers to understand the consumer behaviour. Perception is the process by which people select, organize and interpret their sensations; where sensation is how are sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers) to basic stimuli such as light, colour, sound, odor and texture. Like a computer system human mind also processes the information in order to perceive things. (Martin E Evans, 2009) This is the age of sensory marketing. Marketers make use of impact of sensations on consumers product experiences. They use vision, hearing, touch and taste in order to create an image of the brand in the minds of the consumer to create a competitive advantage. Marketers try and create brands unique association with the sensation. (Hawyer, 2008) Harrods may use a certain trade dress which is colour combination an organization uses so frequently that consumers start associating that brand with that colour combination. Whenever they see that colour combination around their mind recalls the brand in sub-consciousness. This is how marketers create an image that can last very long in the minds of the consumers through our sensations; as consumers start associating those brands to different things. Consumers perception about the brand consists of both its functional attributes as well as the symbolic attitudes. Functional attitudes may include its price; its features etc. and symbolic may include its image. Marketers have discovered that consumers evaluation of a certain product is more dependent on what it means rather than what it does. This meaning has more to do with products market position and it may be more to do with our expectations of the product as communicated by its colour, packaging and styling rather than the product itself. (Kathy Niel, 2007) Therefore, Harrods should use these tools of sensation in order to create an image of Harrods that consumers cannot forget; an image that stays in the minds. It should create a certain sensation so that consumers can associate the brand with that sensation. This automatically attracts a consumer towards a brand as it creates a certain impact in the minds of the consumers that lasts for very longer periods of time. Attitude Attitude is actually a learned behaviour. They may be favourable and unfavourable attitude for a product or a service. Marketers say that attitudes have the quality of motivation, they can lead consumer towards certain behaviour or can even stop him from doing so. Harrods should try and develop a positive attitude about itself in the minds of the consumers. (Micheal.R.Solomon, 2005) Harrods have had certain issues which may lead to a negative attitude. Harrods in order to maintain its glamorous image threw a lady out from the store. Eilene Kadden, from California, was ejected from the store because she did not have the right image; she was too fat. Such kinds of incidents adversely affect the image of the brand and such incidents can lead to negative attitudes for the brand in the minds of the consumers. Harrods should respect its customers irrespective of race, colour, ethnicity and physical attributes of a person. Tri-Component Attitude Model According to this model attitude consists of three components which are cognitive, affective and conative components. (Micheal.R.Solomon, 2005) The cognitive component consists of persons cognitions i.e. his knowledge and perception about the brand. This may be formed by a combination direct exposure and from other sources. Harrods should create a positive impression in the minds of the consumers through its image, service and behaviour. The affective component is more about the feeling of the consumer. How related and emotionally attached he is to the brand. A family might be shopping from Harrods from last three generations and may develop an emotional attachment to the store. These emotions can further affect the actions of the consumers. They van be negative as well. The Conative component deals with the actual behaviour of the consumer, it is also called the consumers intention to buy. This model can help Harrods to develop a positive attitude among its current and targeted consumers. Harrods should try to factually as well emotionally create a positive feeling about the brand. Self Self-concept is the beliefs that customer holds about himself. It can be positive as well as negative. At times you feel that a part of you is more positive. People buy products which they can relate to themselves. What is the reason that social class A is the major consumer at Harrods? It is that all the products are designed keeping the social class as a target market segment and so they can relate to it. Positioning Strategy This is the way a brand portrays itself and places itself in the minds of the consumers. Positioning a brand is a very crucial task. This is what can either make a brand or break a brand. When a marketer targets a certain market segments, it intends to different itself from the other brands through its competitive advantage. How to Position When a brand is to position itself, the very first step when a business decides to enter the market to describe the market in which the brand is to enter and to struggle. The market where Harrods is to compete is London. It is posh area where people spend money to avail highest quality products and services. The next step would be to collect information from the relevant consumers about what perception do they have regarding the competing brands in the market. Harrods needs to understand what attributes regarding the shopping stores are most favourable in the minds of the consumers. It needs a complete knowledge about the likes, dislikes, preferences and frame of mind of the relevant consumers it intends to target. It needs to determine the share of mind of all the competing brands which are mentioned above including Selfridges, Marks and Spencer, Fortnum and Masom. It needs to rank the competitors and the attributes which would be hard to compete. At the end it needs to position its elf using the combination of the preferable attributes and attributes of the brand itself to capture a territory in the minds of the consumer. Era of Marketing This is the age of Marketing. Marketing a brand is becoming more important than the product itself. The Marketers study the market in detail, segment the market into different segments based on demographics and psychographics and then select the most profitable segment as the targeted segment. All the products and services are then designed keeping that particular segment in mind. All the decisions are also taken in accordance to that particular targeted segment. (Gerit Antonides, 1998) Harrods instead of taking decsions keeping the products and services in mind, needs to take decisions keeping the preferences of targeted consumers in mind. If a certain brand in preffered and renowned in US but people in UK prefer other brands over it which may even be of slightly lower quality, opting for that brand of better quality would not be sensible decision. Harrods has taken some bad decesions in the past to save its glamorous image; it has kept a range of brands which are not even liked by most of the people in London which is a failure for Harrods to understand the psyche of its consumers. Suitable Positiong Strategy for Harrods The three major positioning concepts known among the marketers and they are functional, symbolic and experiential position. Functional position is when the firm shows itself as the solution to problems. It promotes the benefits that can provide and gain a favourable position. Symbolic postioning is when a organization uses its image, belongingness and egoistic image which provides the comsumers with social meaningfulness. This is the kind of positioning suitable for an organization like Harrods and this is what it has been doing in the past as well but a certain change is needed to make this symbolic position better. These changings would be mentioned further in the report. Experiential position is when an oraganization makes use of the consumers sensory and cognitive stimulation and the concepts of perception to create an image in the minds of the consumers that consumers can relate to. Harrods Current Positioning Harrods has positioned itself as a high-end, glamorous, luxurious and high end department store. It has not positioned itself as a department store but as an unforgettable experience. Harrods has a reputation for excellence and a motto Everything for Everybody Everywhere. Consumers know it as a place where you can buy everything. From sugar and potatoes to luxurious cars, everything is available at the Harrods. The major component or competitive advantage that Harrods has used is its grand image and variety. Repositioning Harrods Some of the Harrods policies to maintain its high end image has in turn adversely affecting its reputation. The incidents of forcing people out due to their physical appearance and strict dress code rules make customers inconvenient and lead to a negative impression. Harrods need to add a component of humbleness in its positioning statement. The feeling that one gets when he hears about Harrods is of arrogance and attitude. A tinge of humbleness needs to be added to the image in order to create a positive impression. Harrods should try and create an image of an environment friendly organization. People once protested against Harrods selling animal fur. Such kind of incidents would not happen if you have you have a complete knowledge about youre the culture and values of targeted consumers and people around. Harrods should encourage the brands operating inside the store to promote green environment and produce as many environment friendly products as they can and take steps for protecting the environment from every kind of pollution. This will lead to a responsible image about in Harrods in the minds of the consumers which will definitely in turn improve the sales. Online and Offline Positioning Messages As mentioned under the heading of repositioning Harrods, Harrods needs to promote a tinge of humbleness with its glamorous image. The current motto used by Harrods is Everything for Everybody Everywhere and All things, for all people, everywhere which portrays that literally everything is available at Harrods. Messages like Everything that you need because we care! would promote an image of care and responsibility on part of the organization. This would portray that the organization is not selfish about its own benefits only. The attitude of the employees in the store will automatically depict the position and set a mark in the minds of the consumers. Moreover for offline positioning, Harrods can launch campaigns for environment protection. It can sponsor such activities in order to create an impact and show that it actually cares and contributing towards the society. Conclusion Harrods is a very famous and well known brand. It has successfully achieved its targets and continuously improved and expanded over the years. Its management worked efficiently to satisfy the needs of its consumers. It was clear and focused on the segment it was targeting and therefore tailored its products accordingly. Due to some external factors and some of the bad decisions that Harrods took declined its sales. The image that Harrods was enjoying is slightly damaged but its not late to make for the mistakes in the past. Moreover, every firm needs to innovate and re-position itself according to changing environment. Harrods in order to earn its position back needs to make slight changes in its positioning. It should get more humble towards its customers and promote environmentally friendly products. Task 3: Individual Critical Reflection on Learning Outcomes Critical Reflection on Learning Outcomes Before the start of the module, I was not sure of whether it will further enhance my learning or not. The theories I was to expected to apply in the module were the ones I had already studied several times so I was not looking forward to any further new learning and experience. As I started working on the module and started gathering information about Harrods, I realized that my perception about the module was entirely wrong. Though I didn.t learn anything new in the module but it gave me an opportunity to apply what I have learned in a real life situation. All the concepts and course material that I studied in the course was practically applied to solve the given problem of reduced sales. Moreover, while I was studying for the course I had an impression that most of the concepts mentioned in the course books are only for theoretical purposes and are not used or helpful to the firms in real life situations. My opinion was proven wrong while I working on the module as I saw that firms do use these concepts and they do help them in understanding the behaviour of consumers which is critical for their success. This module was a great experience. Though collecting information and analysis was a little tough and tiresome but it was worth it. The data collection on the external factors influencing the consumer behavior was really difficult; classifying it and coming up with useful results and conclusions was even more troublesome. This module specifically enhanced my analytical skills and improved my confidence of practically applying theoretical knowledge. References Angus Deaton, J. M. (1980). Economics and consumer behaviour. Balythe, J. (2008). Consumer Behaviour. business week. (n.d.). Retrieved august 27, 2010, from business week: http://investing.businessweek.com/research CL Tyagi, A. K. (2004). Consumer Behaviour. East, R. (2008). Consumer Behaviour. Gerit Antonides, W. F. (1998). Consumer Behaviour. go there guide. (n.d.). Retrieved august 2010, 28, from go there guide: http://www.gothereguide.com Hawyer, W. D. (2008). Consumer Behaviour. Kathy Niel, S. P. (2007). Consumer Behaviour Implications for marketing strategy. Leon G Schiffman, H. H. (1997). consumer behaviour. M.Khan. (2007). Consumer Behaviour. Martin E Evans, G. F. (2009). Consumer Behaviour . Micheal.R.Solomon. (2005). Consumer Behaviour: buying, having, being (8th ed.). my library. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2010, from my library: http://www.accessmylibrary.com Visit London. (n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2010, from Visit London: http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/ Wagner, S. (2003). Understanding Green Consumer Behaviour.